Calculate approximate straight-line (as the crow flies) distance between major world cities.
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How This Works
Haversine formula calculates the great-circle distance between two points on Earth using latitude/longitude coordinates. This is the straight-line ("as the crow flies") distance, not the actual road or flight path distance. Flight time estimated at ~850 km/h cruise speed + 0.5hr boarding buffer. Flight CO₂ uses ICAO emissions factor.
For local/national distances, road distance is typically 20–40% longer than straight-line. For international flights, actual route distance is 5–15% longer than great-circle due to jet streams, airspace restrictions and routing. The Trans-Atlantic route often uses a curved northerly path to take advantage of jet stream tailwinds, appearing longer on a flat map but being the most fuel-efficient route.